Mining Activities In The Open Mine

Open pit is an excavation carried out on the surface of land that is intended to take the materials in the ore minerals in the soil surface. Surface mining is one of two known mining systems, namely the open mines and underground mines. where all the activities or mining activities conducted on or relatively near the earth's surface and the workplace is directly related to the outside world.

Mining the open pit itself is done with several stages of the process of work which includes:

• The Preparation Stage 
• Mining Operations  
• Processing and Marketing 
• Reclamation

* The Preparation Stage

In the preparatory phase of mining activity performed early in the process of extraction or mining of minerals consists of the preparation phase or pre-mining process, and in this activity include: 

Gold Analysis Technical By Chemical

Prior to the processing of gold in the economy of scale necessary step preproduction through in-depth study of various aspects. One study that needs to be done is to test the mineral content of rock ore to be processed. 

The process of analyzing in detail the content of metallic minerals from rock samples taken from the soil in a land that has been in the survey will be a very important mineral content of the metal held in which the function of the activity analysis is to support the production activities in large-scale gold processing. 

One form of assessment activities is the analysis of rock samples to see in detail the content of metals contained in the land which will be held in the processing of economic activity. 

Where rock samples can be tested on a laboratory analysis. And today has many methods of analysis used in viewing the content of metallic minerals contained in rocks, but it all depends on the required results in testing, as well as methods of analysis using polarized light techniques and electron microscopy which is the best analysis in identifying minerals with very modern equipment. 

This method obtained from an analysis of its structure, texture and Mineralogy in specific minerals from rock samples. To get a detailed analysis of the mineral content of rocks need to use the latest analytical techniques such as Fire Assay, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Induced Coupled Plasma (IC), and mass spectrometry. In addition to modern methods of analysis can also be used a simple method by using a chemical solution to see the presence of metallic mineral deposits of gold from rock samples that were analyzed. 

This method is very simple and easy to do and very simple, yet has enough sensitivity to accuracy in view of the metal content of gold in rock samples of minerals.The Fire-Assay analysis is the method of choice for the analysis of precious metals traces in ores. All gold bearing alloys or grains and Sterling Silver alloys are assayed by Fire-Assay techniques

Some of the steps used in the test stages of mineral content of rocks that will be done in a simple way is as follows

How The Metal Detector For Gold

Metal detector is very important for use in a process of finding land that have potential metallic mineral content. Because the metal detector will be able to respond to the presence of a metal or any type conductive or magnetic materials in rocks in the soil.

How does this metal detector can work to identify the various metals is by testing the conductivity of the metal. A target signal is eliminated for unwanted metal such as the remains of iron & steel, pull tabs, bottle tabs and others in the same group, while increasing target signals high conductive metal such as gold along with brass and silver.

Metal detector is also very useful in the search for gold ore, so by using our metal detector equipment with easy to find a gold metal content.Various types of metal detectors at this time has been widely developed by various manufacturers and some manufacturers of metal detector maker also has characterized the search uses a mineral or metal targets.A metal detector is not much of a complex devices. It has three basic parts.

The first is a coil that can come in many forms, a power supply and a control box. The work lies largely in the control box because it is a part of that beats when there is metal around and ticking this is what's causing the metal detector to do its job.In the use of a detection of gold, a soil condition is affecting the operation of metal detectors is where the heavy minerals and heavy soil conditions will cause the electromagnetic field and result in shrinking the primary weakness of a signal on the metal at depth. And a soil in wet conditions allow greater penetration of the main magnetic field, providing better signal coverage on the basis of soil depth. 

These few simple steps that can be used when we will start using a metal detector:

Placer Gold Mining

Placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of the precious minerals formed by the separation of gravity during the sedimentation process that naturally separate due to gravity and assisted the movement of a liquid medium, solid and gas / air. And placer mining is a very important source of potential resources of gold mining. Geologists frequently mention that the placer deposits Alochton. Density concentrations of heavy minerals is dependent on the level of freedom from the source, specific gravity, chemical resistance to weathering duration and mechanism. These types of deposits have been formed in all geologic time, but most of the Tertiary and the present age, is largely the reserve is small and often clustered in a short time because of an erosion. Most of these deposits have low levels of mineral ores but can be mined because of particle-free, easy to work with without destruction; where separation can use a semi-mobile and relatively inexpensive. Mining usually by dredging, which is the cheapest method of mining.

Some Placer Deposits On The Basis Of Ganesa

Mining Processing Operation

After the stage of preliminary exploration is known that the existing reserves have a good prospect with a review of knowledge or more accurate data regarding the depth, thickness, slope, and the spread of reserves in 3-Dimensions (length-width-thick) as well as data on the strength of rock sampling, groundwater conditions, and the spread of the structure, width and slope mines then conducted an exploratory stage in detail or commonly referred to as the exploitation of an activity carried out either in a simple (manual) or mechanical, including excavation, parsing, loading and transportation of minerals. Several phases of mining activities in outline are:

Creating A Simple Mapping of Land Gold

In any mining operation  or an exploration of mineral ore, it is very important to do a draft mapping activities  in the surrounding area will  be an exploration.where the mapping is very important in order to reduce risk and support the exploration  plan.

Because, basically, mapping activities affect the continuity of exploration. With this mapping, we can see the beginning of  the geological conditions of the working area and can see the potential resource deposits of the mineral deposits in areas that will be held exploration activities.

This mapping is usually done at the beginning of  the exploration  activities. The first step is usually done in a mapping can be done by doing an analysis through a photo presentation  by air or by using a satellite, where the presence of  the review  through the  air we can see the geographic structure and local conditions and our land that will be held survey field.

     

SILVER

Metallic silver is formed and used in conjunction with gold, with white color. this metal has the elements a little harder than gold and is very soft and supple, defeated only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has a thermal conductivity or heat and electricity are very high among all metals and has a very small contact resistance. This element is very stable in pure air and water, but immediately tarnished when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide or air containing sulfur. benefits resulting from too many silver metal, besides used as accessory equipment and furnishings. Silver is also an important element of the compound in photography, because of their unique optical and about 30% of industrial consumption of silver is used for this field. Silver alloys are also used as a substitute for the artificial tooth, or a mixture of electronic materials

Location Of Gold Deposits Eluvial Placers

 Eluvial ore deposits are those such as tungsten and gold placer deposits formed by settling and enriched by the winnowing or removal of lower density materials. Eluvial gold placed by the process of gravity on the surface of the hill, up and flat-lying areas. Particles of minerals or ore-forming mineral deposit type is deposited on top of a rocky hillside source. In some areas found in eluvial placer with ingredients that create economic value accumulated in the pockets of bedrock surface. Rainfall helps to bring the material surface, or floating, downslope. Eluvial deposits consist of fragments of rock and soil which are not consolidated lying on the surface. It is derived from coral quartz and other minerals deposits (supergene, reef quartz and layer) located at the top. Transported material contain gold deposits also form on the surface of the slope of the hill where the concentrated on changes in gradients, like, bottom of the hill. Deposits are usually located near the eluvial placer, which is an irregular surface on the hillside below the mineral resource. 

How To Find Alluvial Gold Deposits

Eluvial placers usually represent a transitional stage between a residual placer and a stream placer. Genesis  or eluvial gold placer deposits formed by precipitation  and reconcentration  gold-bearing sediments from the occurrence of primary gold. Where one type merges into another, they cannot be clearly distinguished. They are characteristically found in the form of irregular sheets of surface detritus and soil mantling a hillside below a vein or other source of valuable mineral. It should be noted that the parent vein or lode mayor may not outcrop at the actual ground surface.Placer deposits are generally  classified  according  to their depositional  environment. Eluvial placers differ from residual placers in that surface creep slowly moves the gold and weathered detritus down hill, allowing the lighter portions to be removed by rain wash and wind. As the detrital mass gravitates downhill, a rough stratification or concentration of values may develop but this is rarely perfected to the degree found in stream placers.Marine placers occur offshore near the coast; fluvial placers occur in river valleys  and in the watershed  are analyzed that contain the incidence  of primary  gold upstream. In conducting searches eluvial gold vein that we need to do  is find a location mountainous areas  or hilly areas that have a strong granite or crystalline deposits is the good end. Area where geological upheaval has occurred and the pressure  is a prime location. The place to look for gold eluvial including creeks and ditches along the sides of hills and in depressions between the hills. Eluvial deposits occur on the hillsides  and in the hollows between the hills.Eluvial placers are typically limited in extent but there have been cases such as at Round Mountain, Nevada, (Vanderhurg, 1936, pp. 133·145) where this type of placer supported large-scale mining operations.

      Eluvial gold can be found in the low hills, rises and flat-lying areas adjacent to the location above. This is often covered with debris of quartz and iron ore. Eluvial deposits are concentrated in the gradient changes, such as the bottom of the hill.supergene deposits found on low hills or flat-lying areas which have developed laterite profile above bedrock. Supergene gold occurrence is difficult to predict because it is controlled by a complex combination of processes

    

Fools Gold In Rock Minerals

With the chemical formula FeS2 pyrite, is one of the types of sulphide minerals which are common in nature, either as a byproduct of a hydrothermal deposits or as accessory minerals in some rock types. Descriptively, pyrite has a golden yellow color with a metallic sheen. So, if you are not familiar with metallic minerals, and pyrite is often regarded as the gold. In the crystal structure, both pyrite and gold together cabbage, but the nature of it that are different. Gold is more malleable than pyrite. If beaten, pyrite will shatter, whereas gold is not easily destroyed because they are more malleable. The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron  sulfide with the formula FeS2. Glittering metallic  mineral is pale-to-normal, brass yellowish  hue, and often also earned the nickname as a stupid  gold due to its resemblance  to gold. PHYRITE  name comes from the Greek (puritēs), "fire" or "in fire",  from (pur), "fire". In ancient Roman times, this name was applied to  several types of stone that will create a spark when struck against steel. Pyrite  is usually found associated  with other sulfides or oxides in quartz veins, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rocks, and  also in coal beds, and as a replacement  mineral in fossils. Although  dubbed the dumb gold, pyrite  is sometimes also contain a small amount of gold in it. Gold and arsenic  occurs as a coupled substitution in the pyrite structure. In the Carlin gold deposit, Nevada, arsenian pyrite contains up to 0.37 wt% gold.

Mineral Facts Phyrite:

Potential Mineral Resources Of Gold Ore

Gold is formed from a process magmatisme or mineral concentration  at the surface. Some  precipitate  formed  due process and hydrothermal solutions metasomatis contacts and often together minerals pyrite and other sulfides, silver-gold telurid, skhelit and tourmaline, whereas the concentration of sediment  mechanically  produce  put (placer). as are generally contained in a hydrothermal  zone  where  hydrothermal  zones  in general is a volcanic area. Some solutions come from the release of  water  contained  in the  magma  when  the magma  rises  and cools. Others originated from meteoric water or sea water circulating in the crust. Mineral deposit  formed  by the heated sea water volcanic activity, and sediment shaped sulfide compound, called volcano genic massive sulfide deposits.

      Genesis of gold itself is said that gold comes from a reservoir that is the core of the earth  from which the magmatic water containing sulfide ions, chloride ions, and ion transport tio metal complexes of gold to the surface of  the earth. The direction of  flow  of chemical solution  containing  gold  are generally in line with the volcanic magma channel forming veins of gold. When a solution of  gold  deposited  on the  channel  that has been frozen magma hydrothermal  process, which is heading volcanic activity occurred from contact with meteoric water,  hot rocks or magmatic water upward movement in which both carry and dissolve the  sulfide-chloride ion complex-tio which causes the deposited gold on earth's surface. When the gold bearing  veins  become weak, then gold will be separated and then precipitate as eluvial

  

The Process Ore Formation Of Mineral

      Ore mineralization is the process of formation of minerals in ore deposits role in a rock. In the formation of these minerals are also associated with other minerals minerals. Formation of these minerals show credentials such as shape, appearance parts, twinning and others. Some minerals form a well-developed crystals (euhedral) pyrite, hematite, wolframite, arsenopyrite, cobalt, magnetite. Standard forms crystals in mineralogy: Cubic, octahedral, tabular, accicular, columnar, bladed, fibrous, colloform, micaceous, prismatic

      The crust consists of rocks-igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Understanding is the deposits of mineral ore that can be extracted (taken) economically valuable minerals, and ore in a deposit is dependent on two main factors, namely the level of concentrated (precious metal content in the sediment), the location and size (dimensions) precipitate. To achieve the levels of economic, minerals ore or valuable mineral components are naturally concentrated in the crust until a certain minimum level depends on the type of ore or mineral.

 The Process Of Formation Of Mineral Deposits Of Primary

Difference Of Gold Ore And Pyrite

People often think phyrite as a golden appearance, which resembles gold glitter. Occasionally someone asks, if pyrite is gold? Or is this auriferous pyrite??? Indeed, often times the physical appearance of the mineral pyrite is almost like a mineral ore of gold, maybe some people who never see it will think that the mineral pyrite is gold metal. Physical appearance is almost similar to the gold ore PHYRITE, markasit, and chalcopyrite seen from the color, but can be distinguished from its soft, high density, and golden appearance. Gold associated with quartz, phyrite, arsenopyrite, and Silver. The physical properties of gold is very stable, not corrosive or weathered and rarely had a compound with other chemical elements. Electrical and thermal conductivity is very good, malleable so it can be formed and also be ductile. Gold is the most high-density metals.

Types Of Gold Veins In The Mining

Gold vein is the outcropping of rocks and usually very often contain minerals of gold ore. In the process of vein formation is most common is gold veins that are not visible to the naked eye because it is usually always together with a mineral carrier such as quartz, sulfide, calcite and some clay minerals. And thickness of veins ranges from a few centimeters to four meters, and the length can reach several hundred meters and extending to a depth of more than 1,500 m. Some gold vein deposits are characterized by low sulphization and mineralogy consists of quartz, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite and sphalerite are lower. In some places, sulfides are accompanied by calcite and some silver minerals. It was noted that blood vessels may be in the transition between the gold-quartz-sulfide and carbonate-base metal gold, but also distinguished from each, by different mineralogy and environmental geology

Characteristics of Gold Ore Minerals

Some characteristic features of type ore mineral type

 Gold nuggets with large size of more than 2mm. And the Nuggets usually have a 20K or pure gold content of 83% to 92% or it could be  up to  23K. And this nugget of gold usually has shades of orange yellow color. The formation  of naturally occurring surface oxide layer that inhibits adhesion between the gold flakes. So when gold pieces collide with each other under pressure, they may be joined into larger sections. Another nugget may occur in the form of the original vein prior to erosion, often showing signs of abrasive  polishing  due to  the flow. For many gold nuggets found in outcrop or in a deposit of placer gold veins or lodes that have been weathered. Gold nuggets are also many who find the prospect of the river  area  where  the area  has a  metal  mineral content is very high. 

How To Identify Minerals In Rocks Of Gold Ore

Lots of people who may have difficulty in identifying the mineral gold ore in the rocks, especially for those who would lay the carrier rock type gold because gold is usually always accompanied with a kind of mineral carriers such as mineral pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrhotite, pentlandite, since mineral carriers is very very similar to the veins of gold ore. But for people who already have experience probably will not find it difficult to identify except gold ore or gold is very fine micro-crystals. In this situation, the gold can not be easily observed and to see a need for a tool like a magnifying glass or microscope to see the gold ores

These few simple characteristics that can be used in identifying the gold content of ore minerals contained in rock or ore :

Color : This mineral is metallic-colored variety, but depends also on the purity of gold. Sometimes gold is also colored a little pale from associating with silver metal content

Hardness: 2.5 to 3. Gold when forged with a hammer is not easily destroyed while the remaining fragile, will break and splinter when struck with a hammer. When both and placed in a pan of water, the gold will sink quickly and refused to move, the rest will sink slowly and mix with ease
Density: 15.6 to 19.3
The density varies depending on the dirt - a more pure heavy.
Gold: Usually in irregular, plate or mass scales, would rarely crystallizes. Gold is also found in groups of crystals similar to crystals Family elongated in the direction of octahedral axis. Irregular crystals distorted to the point of passing into the form of filiform, reticulated and dendritic.
Identification and Diagnostics
Easy to melt gold at 2.5 to 3. And do not easily dissolve in common acids but easily dissolved in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid (aqua regia).
        Although gold is a very rare element found widely in the wild but often do so even in small quantities and often in such small particles not visible to the naked eye, or as an aggregate of quartz crystals in the cavity. Phyrite almost always associated with gold and color similar to gold but phyrite easily destroyed if the forging with a hammer. Gold is the only mineral that will easily scratch, leaving the golden-yellow powder residue. Gold also occurs as microscopic and submicroscopic particles in sulfide minerals, mainly pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrhotite. All this often occurs in veins and zones of hydrothermal alteration and replacement. They occur as macroscopic grains and micro crystalline and crystalline.

The Origin Of Gold

The formation of gold through a process magmatisme on the surface as well as activities vulkanisma making it a consequence of the existence of native gold movements in the earth's heat or thermal. Some of the sediment formed by the process metasomatisme contacts and hydrothermal solutions, while the mechanical activity produces Lay or placer deposits. And genesis of gold be categorized into two namely:

• Primary deposition, which is a deposit of igneous rocks and gold form a vein (vein)
• Deposition plaser which is the origin of gold deposits of rock that has been eroded by water into a river stream and gold were deposited because of the specific weight of gold is high.

MINING METHOD

Mining is an activity Carried out either in a simple (manual) or mechanical, including Excavation, parsing, loading and transportation of minerals.

MINING METHOD TO BE SHARED:
A. Mine Open ( Surface Mining )

     Open pit is an opening made ​​in the ground, aiming to take the ore and Will be allowed to Remain Open (not dumped back) During the retrieval of ore is still ongoing. To reach the ore body of the which is Generally located at depth, is required stripping / overburden (waste rock) in large numbers. Open pit mining method is an activity of extracting minerals Such as coal, ore (ore), stones and so on where workers are directly related to climate and water outside. Open pit is also Called the open-cut mining; is the mining method used to dig mineral deposits exist on a rock that or close to the surface. This method is Suitable for horizontal ore body That allows it to Produce high and has a low cost. Although stripping and trenching included into the open pit mining, strip mining but is usually used for coal mining and quarry mining associated with the production of non metallic minerals Such as dimensions of rock, rock aggregates, etc. Mining activities are under the ground surface Sometimes, even its depth can reach Hundreds of meters Such as the open-pit copper (copper mine) Bingham Canyon in Utah (USA). The main objective of the mining operation is mining the lowest possible cost so That maximum benefit is achieved. The selection and scheduling of Various design parameters in the decision-ore and overburden stripping involves technical and economic considerations are complicated. That must be taken for the optimal compromise maximizing the between economic calculation and the existence of the limiting parameters for geological and other technical considerations.

B. Underground Mine ( Mine In )

      Underground mining refers to methods of making a mineral that is done by creating a tunnel to the location of the mineral.Various kinds of metals can be retrieved through this method such as gold, copper, zinc, nickel, and lead. Because the location of reserves generally are far below ground, the entrance needs to be made to reach the location of the backup. The entrance can be divided into several: Ramp, the entrance is a spiral-shaped or circular starting from the ground surface to the depth in question. Ramp is usually used for road vehicles or heavy equipment to and from underground.

•  Shaft, which form holes upright (vertical) were excavated from the surface into mineral reserves. Shaft is then fitted with a kind of lift that can be used to transport people, equipment, or ore
• Adit, namely tunnel (horizontal) which is generally made the side of a hill or mountain to the location of ore.

     There are two main stages in the underground mining methods: (development) and (production). At this stage of development, all of which are excavated rock worthless. Stages of development including road construction and excavation into underground facilities other. Medium stage of production is the work of digging the ore source itself. The place is called stope ore excavated (quarry).

     With all the work carried out in underground tunnels with a length that reaches thousands of meters, it would require a special effort for the air to all corners of the tunnel. This work is a task team of mine ventilation. In addition to supplying a sufficient amount of oxygen, ventilation must also ensure that all the dirty air tools diesel exhaust and toxic gases generated by blasting can be thrown out. To force the air to flow into the tunnel, a giant fan is used with a variety of sizes and mounting techniques. To maintain the stability of the tunnel is also necessary to support the tunnel. Various methods of buffering (ground support) has been developed. Optimal buffering will support continuation of performance and safety of all workers.